Real-World Single-Centre Experience of Jak Inhibitor Use in Ra

Background/Aims The use of Janus Kinase Inhibitors (JAKi) has been gradually increasing overtime in the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other inflammatory arthritis and these appeal to patients. being oral agents. Nevertheless, rheumatologists have become cautious about their use since recent trials have shown safety concerns about VTEs, MACE and malignancies. Methods We decided to study use of JAKi at our centre in Princess of Wales Hospital Bridgend. The aim was to assess whether appropriate patients were selected (considering cautions about MACE, VTEs and malignancies). We also wanted to see whether all patients had required pretreatment safety testing and post-treatment monitoring performed. Results These were 70 patients;59 were females and 11 were males. All of them were diagnosed as RA. Average age was 61.1 years (20-85), average duration of disease 129.9 months (16-340) and average duration of treatment was 58.1 weeks. The most common JAKi being used was baricitinib (84%) followed by tofacitinib (12%) and upadacitinib (4%). 50% patient were on concomitant csDMARDs among whom two-thirds were on methotrexate. Looking at previous biologic use, 9 patients were biologic naive, 22 had one biologic, 15 had two biologics used in the past. All patients were appropriately selected (severe RA and no significant risk factors for MACE, VTEs and malignancies). All patients had pre-treatment Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, latent TB, FBC and LFTs checked. All patients had FBC and LFTs monitored post treatment. No patient developed VTE, MACE or cancer on treatment. 84.2% patients had lipids tested before starting JAKi. 22.8% patients had abnormal lipids before Rx initiation and 62.5% of these were on lipid lowering Rx. All patients had lipids tested post treatment, but the timing was quite variable and only 62.5% of patients had lipids tested on the recommended time. There were 2 deaths recorded in this cohort. One of those was an 80-year-old RA patient on baricitinib 2mg OD, who died due to chest infection on the background of ILD. He was not on steroids or csDMARDs. The second patient was 63 years' old (on baricitinib 4mg OD), and died due to respiratory sepsis, and was also on azathioprine. She had RA with advanced ILD. The reasons for discontinuing JAKi were inefficacy (46%), side effects (39%) and both inefficacy and side effects (15%). 41.4%of patient experienced side effects due to JAKi. These included infection 28%, deranged lipids 17%, cytopenia 14%, deranged LFTs 14%, GI side effects 10%, skin rash 7% and varicella zoster 3%. Conclusion There has been steady increase in the use of tsDMARDs for RA and other rheumatic conditions. Due to short half-life, these drugs became a popular choice during COVID-19 pandemic but on the other hand safety monitoring became extremely challenging during this time.

Covid 19 presenting as stroke and MI

Its now a well known fact that covid 19 causes coagulopathy that has been associated with the inflammatory phase of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and might be involved in this concurrency. Here we present a case of a 55y old female with no underlying comorbidity presented with the chief complaints of mild slurry speech and weakness over the right side of the body from last 8 h. Noncontrast brain computed tomography (CT) scan showed early signs of ischemia in left middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory, and a CT angiogram demonstrated a carotid atheromatous plaque with a superficial thrombus causing 40% stenosis in the left proximal internal carotid artery (ICA), however no intracranial artery occlusion was found. On ecg patient had ST segment depression in and depression in v5 and v6 leads with transthoracic echocardiogram showed lateral wall hypokinesia of the left ventricle, with qualitative troponin-T positive. There were no respiratory or other symptoms compatible with COVID-19 infection or chest pain. Chest CT ruled out inflammatory/infectious signs in the lung parenchyma, and Rapid antigen testing for covid 19 was negative on admission however RTPCR for SARS-CoV-2 was positive. Patient was initially loaded with dual anti platelets and lmw heparin and was subsequently managed with aspirin 150 mg, clopidogrel 75 mg and atorvastatin 40 mg with resolution of the chest pain and slurry speech.

Telemedicine for follow-up of lupus nephritis in the Covid-19 outbreak: A randomised controlled trial

Background: Blockade of JAK, preferably JAK1, by upadacitinib is a feasible approach to achieve erosion repair as it (1) is approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), (2) effectively controls the inflammation and (3) targets pathogenic pathways that influence local bone homeostasis in the joint. To address the question whether inhibition of JAK1 could lead to erosion repair in patients with active RA, we performed a pilot non-randomized study comparing the changes in bone erosions on high-resolution peripheral quantitative computer tomography (HR-pQCT) before and after upadacitinib. Method(s): This is a 24-week, single-centered, prospective, non-randomized pilot study. We enrolled 20 adult patients with active RA (Disease activity score 28-C- reactive protein [DAS28-CRP] > 3.2) and >=1 bone erosion on HR-pQCT. They were given upadacitinib 15mg once daily for 6 months. HR-pQCT of the 2-4 metacarpophalangeal (MCP) head was done at baseline and 6 months. The primary outcome was the change of erosion volume on HR-pQCT. Secondary outcomes included change in RA disease activity and predictors of response to treatment. Erosion regression was defined as decrease in volume exceeding the smallest detectable change. Result(s): The baseline clinical characteristics of the recruited patients were shown in Table 1. Of the 20 patients, 11 (55%) patients failed to respond to 3 or more csDMARDs. At 24-week, there was significant improvement in mean DAS28 (-1.75, P < 0.001). Erosion regression was seen in 8 (40%) patients on HR-pQCT (Figure 1). Although no significant change in overall median erosion volume before and after upadacintinib (0.07 [-0.90 to 0.76 mm3] mm3, P = 0.904) was noted, the deterioration was less obvious compared to a historic cohort of 20 patients with similar age and disease activity on csDMARDs (median erosion volume change in 6 months: 0.67 mm3). When patients were stratified according to whether or not they had failed multiple csDMARDs, significantly high proportion of patients in the non-multiple- DMARDs failure group had volume regression in at least one erosion compared to those in the failure group (75% vs 25%, P = 0.04). There was improvement in mean total erosion volume in the non-failure group (-0.33 +/- 1.33 mm3), whereas mean erosion volume in the failure group worsened (2.09 +/- 7.62 mm3). One patient developed chest infection requiring hospitalization and withdrew from the study. No other serious adverse event was noted. Conclusion(s): The results of the study suggest upadacitinib is clinically efficacious in refractory RA disease and can retard erosion progression. Regression of erosion is possible, particularly in those with limited csDMARDs exposure. Whether early JAK1 inhibition could lead to better structural outcome warrants further investigations. (Figure Presented).

Improved Interobserver Reliability in Diagnosing and Staging Lesions of COVID-19 Between Radiologist and Emergency Medicine Physicians After an Online Course.

BACKGROUND: Chest radiographs are the most basic and readily available imaging modality for visualizing the lungs and are potentially useful for describing the disease severity in patients showing respiratory symptoms in COVID-19 patients. The early diagnosis of COVID-19 features on radiography helps in triaging and starting treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Our study consisted of 145 radiographs, and these were reported by two radiologists, two emergency physicians and one intern working in the Emergency department. The scores given by them were correlated. A targeted short lecture for the scoring was imparted and after a sufficient latent period the scoring of chest radiographs was done again, and the scores correlated and compared. RESULTS: We observed agreement between radiologists with emergency medicine physicians was "none to slight" to "fair," before the dedicated online teaching course. Following the meeting, there was an increase in interobserver agreement in-between radiologists and between radiologists and emergency medicine physicians. CONCLUSIONS: We propose a focused online meeting, targeted at explaining radiological features of a specific pathology, in a pandemic situation like COVID, to our clinical counterparts in the emergency medicine department can help in increasing their interpretation skills. This can directly benefit triaging, admission/discharge and monitoring of the status of patients, in intensive care units and emergency medicine. This also helps in allaying the anxiety, while waiting for a final report from the Radiologist.

PLEOMORPHIC CARCINOMA IN THE MIDST OF COVID

SESSION TITLE: Pathology Identifying Chest Infections Case Report Posters SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/17/2022 12:15 pm - 01:15 pm INTRODUCTION: Pleomorphic carcinoma is a subtype of sarcomatoid carcinomas that represents <1 % of all primary lung neoplasms. This case highlights a recent diagnosis of a patient with pleomorphic carcinoma in the midst of COVID-19 pneumonia. CASE PRESENTATION: A 75 year old female with a 180-pack year smoking history presented to the emergency department with dyspnea and chest discomfort. Vital signs significant for oxygen saturation at 93% on room air. The patient had been admitted to the hospital 7 months prior for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19 pneumonia. At that point, computed tomography (CT) of the chest showed a right lower lobe 5.5 cm juxtapleural lesion measuring fluid attenuation by Hounsfield units without intralesional enhancement. The lesion was initially thought to be secondary to the patient's COVID-19 pneumonia and was not investigated further. The patient was subsequently lost to follow up. Seven months later the patient presented with worsening shortness of breath. Chest CT revealed large right complex pleural effusion with near complete lung collapse. The patient underwent pigtail catheter placement with partial re-expansion of the lung. Pleural fluid analysis showed an exudative effusion with no malignant cells on cytology. Follow-up CT imaging showed a large mass-like area in the right mid and lower hemithorax. Video assisted thorascopic surgery (VATS) decortication and thoracotomy revealed a right lower lobe abscess and empyema. Pathology samples collected during procedure showed malignant cells of sarcamatoid features found in right lung and intraparenchymal lymph nodes. Histology and immunostaining showed a tumor composed of a component of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and more than 10% spindle/pleomorphic cells. Immunostaining showed the poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma component was positive for moc 31, Ber-EP4, cytokeratin AE1/AE3, CAM 5.2, lack TTF-1 and p40. The spindle/pleomorphic component was negative for cytokeratins. DISCUSSION: Pulmonary pleomorphic carcinoma (PC) is a rare, poorly differentiated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that contains at least 10% spindle and/or giant cells or a carcinoma consisting only of spindle and giant cells. PC has poor response to conventional treatments for NSCLC and subsequently poor 5 year survival. It more common in men and smokers. COVID-19 causes a variety of pulmonary radiographic manifestations, including nodules and mass-like consolidations. Superimposed bacterial infections are also common. Our case, however, highlights the importance of serial radiographic monitoring and, when indicated, tissue sampling to rule out alternative explanations for abnormal CT findings. CONCLUSIONS: Appropriate screening and careful follow up of suspicious lung lesions is vital to ensure prompt diagnosis and treatment of lung malignancy. Reference #1: WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. Thoracic Tumours. In: WHO Classification of Tumours,Earke 5th ed, IARC Publications, 2021. Vol 5. Reference #2: Ito K, Oizumi S, Fukumoto S, Harada M, Ishida T, Fujita Y, Harada T, Kojima T, Yokouchi H, Nishimura M;Hokkaido Lung Cancer Clinical Study Group. Clinical characteristics of pleomorphic carcinoma of the lung. Lung Cancer. 2010 May;68(2):204-10. doi: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2009.06.002. Epub 2009 Jul 3. PMID: 19577320. Reference #3: Maneenil K, Xue Z, Liu M, Boland J, Wu F, Stoddard SM, Molina J, Yang P. Sarcomatoid Carcinoma of the Lung: The Mayo Clinic Experience in 127 Patients. Clin Lung Cancer. 2018 May;19(3):e323-e333. doi: 10.1016/j.cllc.2017.12.008. Epub 2017 Dec 21. PMID: 29454534. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Rachel Earle No relevant relationships by Samantha Gillenwater No relevant relationships by Miquel Gonzalez No relevant relationships by Sikandar Khan No relevant relationships by Christopher Lau no disclosure submitted for Jinesh Mehta;

DOES COVID-19 INCREASE YOUR RISK OF DEVELOPING HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA?

SESSION TITLE: Pathology Identifying Chest Infections Case Report Posters SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/17/2022 12:15 pm - 01:15 pm INTRODUCTION: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients presented in a wide variety and had multiple complications. The well-known associations found are myocardial infraction, pulmonary embolism, meningitis, encephalitis. We are presenting a new diagnosis of Hairy cell leukemia in COVID 19 patients. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a 55-year-old pleasant female with no significant past medical history;non immunocompromised who presented with 7 days history of shortness of breath on exertion, fever, fatigue, and cough. Her physical exam was unremarkable, but she was desaturating on presentation hence was placed on oxygen via nasal canula. On work up she tested positive for COVID-19. Initial chest Xray revealed bilateral diffuse pulmonary infiltrates. Complete blood count (CBC) showed pancytopenia with white blood cell count (WBC) 0.8 × 103/μL (4–10 × 103/μL), absolute neutrophil count (ANC) 0.5 × 103/μL (2–7 × 103/μL), hemoglobin (Hgb) 10.4 g/dL (13.0–17.0 g/dL), and platelet count 156× 103/μL (150–400 × 103/μL). She received treatment for COVID 19 pneumonia as per the protocol. On repeat CBC check there was minimal improvement in her counts. The rest of her WBC differential showed a lymphopenia with ALC ranging from 350–500 with no other obvious immature cells or blasts to suggest a myeloid neoplasm such as acute leukemia. Work-up including vitamin B12, folate, TSH, EBV, ANA, and hepatitis were unremarkable. She also received treatment with supportive granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) but there was minimal improvement. As her pancytopenia persisted for 1 week the peripheral blood smear was done which showed pancytopenia (with prominent red cell agglutination, with rare, atypical lymphoid cells with multiple hairy projections. A bone marrow (BM) aspirate was hypocellular showing markedly decreased trilineage hematopoiesis with atypical lymphoid cells with oval or indented nuclear borders, unclumped chromatin, absent or inconspicuous nucleoli, and moderate to abundant pale blue cytoplasm with multiple circumferential cytoplasmic projections (hairy cells) [Figure:1]. The hairy cells showed strong positivity for CD20[Figure:2]. She was followed up by hematology and was started on treatment. DISCUSSION: Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a rare B cell lymphoproliferative disease with marked cytopenia and circulating leukemia cells. Multiple viruses (EBV, HTLV1) were found to be associated with multiple different malignancies. It is found that COVID19 is not associated with any malignancy so far, but our patient got diagnosed with HCL during COVID19 illness. CONCLUSIONS: The association of HCL could be an incidental finding but we need to do further studies to clarify the associations Reference #1: Kohla, Samah et al. "A Rare Case of Hairy Cell Leukemia with Unusual Loss of CD123 Associated with COVID-19 at the Time of Presentation.” Case reports in oncology vol. 13,3 1430-1440. 4 Dec. 2020, doi:10.1159/000512830 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Apurwa Karki No relevant relationships by Shobha Mandal No relevant relationships by Rajamurugan Meenakshisundaram

THE ERA OF HIV-NEGATIVE PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA

SESSION TITLE: Chest Infections in Immunocompromised Patients Case Posters SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/17/2022 12:15 pm - 01:15 pm INTRODUCTION: Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a life-threatening opportunistic infection caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii. HIV-negative patients with PCP are primarily individuals receiving immunosuppressive therapy for other disease processes. In rare instances, PCP could be an initial manifestation of underlying defected or suppressed cell-mediated immunity that needs to be diagnosed to prevent morbidity and mortality. CASE PRESENTATION: 75-year-old female with a history of hypertension and hypothyroidism presented to the emergency department for evaluation of cough, fever, and shortness of breath gradually worsening over the last few weeks. She received outpatient treatment with no improvement. She was vaccinated against covid-19. On presentation, the temperature was 103F, heart rate was 108 bpm, blood pressure was 163/93 mm Hg, and oxygen saturation was 86% on room air. Hemogram showed leukocytosis with left shift with elevated inflammatory markers. Chest X-ray revealed bilateral ground glass opacities. She was started on broad-spectrum antibiotics, but symptoms worsened over the next few days. CT chest showed diffuse bilateral ground glass opacities with prominent interstitial markings. BAL obtained from bilateral upper lobes was lymphocyte predominant with pneumocystis jirovecii diagnosed on Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) staining. She was started on PCP-directed antibiotics with intravenous glucocorticoids, and workup for an underlying immunodeficiency was started. Subsequent BATS biopsy revealed diffuse organizing alveolar damage, with possible associated acute interstitial pneumonia pattern. This could be a rare manifestation of PCP or a primary presentation in the appropriate clinical setting. Autoimmune panel, leukemia, and lymphoma panel came back negative. AFB smear, HIV, EBV, CMV, HTLV I/II also returned negative. The lymphocyte subset panel revealed a CD4 count of 205 and a subsequent count a few days later of 64 with decreased total IgG. The patient was treated with high dose steroids for an extended period along with treatment for PCP however continued to decline clinically. The patient and family eventually decided to pursue comfort care. DISCUSSION: The predisposition to PCP in patients is primarily due to a decrease in cell-mediated immunity regardless of HIV infection. In our patient, the etiology of idiopathic CD4+ T cell lymphocytopenia cannot be determined due to the lack of serial laboratory data measurement. One of the proposed etiologies of ICL is systemic persistent immune activation in the setting of exogenous mRNA, the current technology that is being widely used for vaccine development. CONCLUSIONS: In this era of biotechnology, with advancements in immunosuppressive therapy and mRNA-based vaccines, increased awareness around the potential immune system activation and potential downstream complications needs to be further highlighted to raise awareness among physicians. Reference #1: Li, Y., Ghannoum, M., Deng, C., Gao, Y., Zhu, H., Yu, X., & Lavergne, V. (2017). Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients with inflammatory or autoimmune diseases: usefulness of lymphocyte subtyping. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 57, 108-115. Reference #2: Pardi, N., Hogan, M. J., Porter, F. W., & Weissman, D. (2018). mRNA vaccines - a new era in vaccinology. Nature reviews. Drug discovery, 17(4), 261–279. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2017.243 Reference #3: Vijayakumar, S., Viswanathan, S., & Aghoram, R. (2020). Idiopathic CD4 Lymphocytopenia: Current Insights. ImmunoTargets and therapy, 9, 79–93. https://doi.org/10.2147/ITT.S214139 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Santhosh Gheevarghese John No relevant relationships by Konstantin Golubykh No relevant relationships by Iuliia Kovalenko No relevant relationships by Maidah Malik No relevant relationships by Hafiz Muhammad Siddique Qurashi No relevant relationships by Taj Rahman No rel vant relationships by Tabinda Saleem

A BLOODY MASQUERADE: A CURIOUS CASE OF HEMOPTYSIS

SESSION TITLE: Variety in Chest Infections Case Posters SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/19/2022 12:45 pm - 01:45 pm INTRODUCTION: Actinomyces is a Gram-positive anaerobic and micro aerophilic filamentous bacillus that normally colonize the human mouth and digestive and urogenital tracts. They most commonly cause cervical and abdominopelvic infections and rarely pulmonary actinomycosis. CASE PRESENTATION: 67-year-old female with past medical history of recurrent DVT with IVC filter placement, non- ischemic cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, 40 pack year history, recent COVID19 infection, lung nodules & COPD presented with complaint of coughing up blood associated with chest pain for the past 2 days. She had a low-grade fever with stable vitals with preliminary labs showing she was anemic and had reactive leukocytosis. She was recommended to hold oral anticoagulation and follow-up outpatient during when her symptoms worsened. On admission she was started on tranexamic acid nebulization for hemostasis and underwent CTA chest which showed no evidence for pulmonary embolism but commented on a right lower lobe perihilar 12.5 mm mass which has increased in size compared to previous scans. Patient underwent bronchoscopy which showed generalized edema of the tracheobronchial tree with bleeding from superior segment of the right lower lobe bronchus with no visualization of mass. PET scan showed hyper-metabolic lung mass with concerns for malignancy. CT guided biopsy of nodule was done and was not staining for malignant cells, acid fast bacilli with no fungal or bacterial growth. Blood cultures and Karius Digital cultures were also negative. She began expectorating blood clots despite being on treatment and cardiothoracic surgery was consulted. A partial lobectomy with lysis of adhesions of the right lower lobe was done. Specimen sent to pathology showed no evidence for malignancy but instead elicited a contained pulmonary abscess containing filamentous bacteria with parenchymal inflammation with areas of chronic hemorrhagic fibrosing pleuritis and hilar thrombi. She was diagnosed with pulmonary actinomycosis and started on IV 24,000,000 IU penicillin. She underwent a panoramic dental x-ray which was read as suboptimal dentition with multiple missing teeth and did not identify a source. Patient symptoms resolved post lobectomy and since discharged on long course of antibiotics. She continued to have no more episodes of hemoptysis. DISCUSSION: Hemoptysis as a symptom of pulmonary actinomycosis is a rather rare presentation. Actinomycosis causes cavities, nodules, and pleural effusions. It is commonly mistaken for chronic suppurative lung disease and sometimes malignancy. Isolation and identification occur only a minority of cases with a high culture failure rate due to previous antibiotic therapy, inadequate incubation time or culture conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Due to it's variable presentation pulmonary actinomyces has a large overlap with other diseases but must be considered in the differential of unexplained hemoptysis. Reference #1: Hemoptysis secondary to actinomycosis: A rare presentation. PMID: 24778485 PMCID: PMC3999682 DOI: 10.4103/0970-2113.129864 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Victoria Famuyide No relevant relationships by rukhsaar khanam

THE BEAST IN THE BEAUTY BOX

SESSION TITLE: Critical Care in Chest Infections Case Report Posters 2 SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/17/2022 12:15 pm - 01:15 pm INTRODUCTION: Enterobacter species are notorious for causing nosocomial infection. They were found to be the third most common pathogen in the respiratory tract amongst isolates in the ICU. What makes the situation grim is the growing antibiotic resistance with regards to treating these infections. Such is the extent of this problem that in certain parts of the world the antibiotic sensitivity of Pluralibacter gergoviae is used as an indicator for the spreading antibiotic resistance in the environment. CASE PRESENTATION: A 73 year old female with past medical history significant for hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and Coronary artery disease s/p stent placement in 2019 presented to our facility with a 4 day history of fever, cough and chest discomfort. She had tested positive for COVID-19 two days prior to presentation and was initiated on remdesivir, tocilizumab, and dexamethasone. She was initially managed on the floors but in view of her increasing oxygen requirement she was transferred to the critical care where she was intubated due to respiratory failure. She continued to spike fevers and was persistently hypoxic. Initially this was attributed to COVID pneumonia and a trial of convalescent plasma was also given. After 3 weeks, she tested negative for COVID-19 while still intubated and precautions were taken off. However, she continued to spike fevers. Repeat chest X-ray was done and it showed multifocal airspace disease with increasing opacification in the left upper lobe. Her endotracheal aspirate grew carbapenemase producing Pluralibacter gergoviae sensitive for ciprofloxacin. Subsequently, she was started on IV levofloxacin and received it for a total of 21 days. Her treatment course was complicated by prolonged intubation requiring tracheostomy and development of Pneumatocele. After stopping the antibiotics, she did not have fever and her white blood cell count was within normal limits. DISCUSSION: P. gergoviae is a known contaminant in intravenous fluids, invasive medical devices, eye cream, children's shampoo, skin cream, hand cleaning paste, and cleansing wipes. Over the decades due to selective pressure especially in the cosmetic industry from preservatives it has gained antibiotic resistance via overexpression of detoxifying enzymes, flagellin, modification of membrane structure/function. Improving patient's oral hygiene, implementing infection control protocols strictly in the ICU, minimizing invasive medical devices/catheters and educating the stakeholders shall help in curbing these incidents. Once identified, early Infectious disease specialist involvement can help choose an apt antibiotic regimen on the basis of existing antibiograms. CONCLUSIONS: This case highlighted the importance of close microbiological surveillance, minimizing occurrence of nosocomial infection and treating atypical organisms. Reference #1: Enterobacter gergoviae adaptation to preservatives commonly used in cosmetic industry M. Périamé,J.-M. Pagès,A. Davin-Regli 14 May 2014 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Abinesh Sekar

HUMAN RHINOVIRUS INFECTION CAUSING ARDS IN AN IMMUNOCOMPETENT HOST

SESSION TITLE: Critical Care in Chest Infections Case Report Posters 1 SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/17/2022 12:15 pm - 01:15 pm INTRODUCTION: The "common cold” is a syndrome defined by upper respiratory symptoms in addition to: rhinorrhea, fever, chills, headache, and/or malaise. Classically "colds” are thought of as a mild, self-limiting disease;however, they can cause severe respiratory symptoms in immunocompetent individuals. We present a case of severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by the Human Rhinovirus in an immunocompetent host. CASE PRESENTATION: 61-year-old gentleman with a past medical history significant for hypertension presented to an outside hospital for worsening shortness of breath, fatigue, and cough with production x 3 weeks. Social history is notable that he had a 12-pack-year history and quit smoking tobacco approximately 10 years ago. On arrival, the patient was noted to be hypoxic with percent saturation of 88% on 2 L nasal cannula. He rapidly deteriorated and required intubation 5 days after admission. The patient subsequently transferred to a tertiary care intensive care unit for further workup and management. Upon arrival at the tertiary care center, he was found to have a PaO2/FiO2 ratio of 71 and ARDS protocol was initiated. Despite pronation, paralyzation, dexamethasone, and nitric oxide, the patient continued to deteriorate. Three COVID-19 PCR's and COVID-19 antibody resulted negative. Extensive work-up including fungal, autoimmune, viral, and bacterial were negative with the exception of a positive rhinovirus PCR. MRI brain was completed due to patient's unequal pupils which demonstrated numerous recent infarcts of the bilateral cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres with mass-effect with mild leftward shift. The family ultimately decided to pursue comfort measures and the patient died. DISCUSSION: Human Rhinovirus is responsible for ? to ½ of common colds in adults making it the most common cause of "colds.” Due to its more than 100 serotypes, an average adult has approximately 2-3 Rhinovirus infections per year. Rhinovirus infections are classically thought to be self-resolving and mild, particularly in the immunocompetent. However, several recent studies have shown coinfection of the rhinovirus in patients with community acquired pneumonia;although these studies have been unable to tease out how clinically significant the rhinovirus infection was in these patients. The patient case above is an example that the Rhinovirus may be a more important culprit in community-acquired pneumonia than previously suspected. In addition to its possible respiratory conditions, studies have demonstrated an increase in risk of stroke. Currently, there are no FDA-approved antivirals for the Human Rhinovirus, treatment largely aimed to reduce symptomatology. CONCLUSIONS: The medical community, in large, thinks of the Rhinovirus as a relatively benign disease process. Though this may be the case in most patients, even immunocompetent individuals can suffer from serious complications of the virus. Reference #1: Chu HY;Englund JA;Strelitz B;Lacombe K;Jones C;Follmer K;Martin EK;Bradford M;Qin X;Kuypers J;Klein EJ;"Rhinovirus Disease in Children Seeking Care in a Tertiary Pediatric Emergency Department.” Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26908489/. Reference #2: JO;, Proud D;Naclerio RM;Gwaltney JM;Hendley. "Kinins Are Generated in Nasal Secretions during Natural Rhinovirus Colds.” The Journal of Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2295843/. Reference #3: Subramanian, A., et al. "Stroke Following Positive Biomarker for Viral Respiratory Illnesses.” B47. CRITICAL CARE: NON-PULMONARY CRITICAL CARE, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetings.a3566. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Philip Forys No relevant relationships by Brandon Pearce

A CASE OF PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECI PNEUMONIA MIMICKING METHOTREXATE-INDUCED PNEUMONITIS

SESSION TITLE: Procedures in Chest Infections Case Posters SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/19/2022 12:45 pm - 01:45 pm INTRODUCTION: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is known to cause potentially life-threatening pneumonia in patients on immunosuppressive therapy. Here we describe a case of an elderly man on low dose methotrexate with PJP pneumonia initially mistaken for drug induced pneumonitis. CASE PRESENTATION: A 79 year old man with T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia on methotrexate, indeterminate colitis on azathioprine and sulfasalazine and interstitial lung disease was admitted for 3 week history of worsening dyspnea, lethargy and cough. On arrival his oxygen saturation was 87% on room air, requiring 5 liters oxygen via nasal canula. Lung examination was notable for bilateral crackles. Laboratory studies showed white blood cell count 12.4k/μL, lactate 2.7mmol/L, procalcitonin 0.137ng/mL, lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) 925 IU/L, 1,3 β-D glucan elevated at 154pg/mL. Infectious work up including COVID-19 testing was unremarkable. Chest radiograph showed bilateral diffuse interstitial infiltrates (figure 1) and computed tomography (CT) scan showed peripheral reticular changes and patchy ground glass opacities bilaterally (figures 2;3). He was initially treated for possible bacterial pneumonia;then with 125mg of methylprednisolone for presumed methotrexate induced pneumonitis without improvement. He underwent bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage(BAL) gram stain showing numerous histiocytes and scattered lymphocytes;no infectious organisms were isolated. PJP PCR from BAL came back positive and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) was started. Despite maximum therapy he deteriorated clinically, transitioned to comfort care and expired. DISCUSSION: Diagnosis of PJP is made by visualization of cystic or trophic forms in respiratory tissue obtained via biopsy, BAL or sputum. Fungal burden is typically lower in non-HIV patients with PJP, and may result in negative BAL or sputum stain. Thus PCR testing is a useful diagnostic tool. Positive PCR alone cannot distinguish between colonization and active disease, and should be performed when clinical suspicion is high. 1,3 β-D glucan and LDH are nonspecific markers that help in presumptive diagnosis. First line therapy for PJP is TMP-SMX, with atovaquone, dapsone and pentamidine available as alternative therapies. Duration of therapy should be at least 21 days. Adjunctive corticosteroids show survival benefit in HIV-infected individuals. In severely hypoxic patients, corticosteroids are beneficial if started within 72 hours of antibiotic initiation. Their use in non-HIV PJP cases remains controversial. CONCLUSIONS: This case highlights the risk of PJP with long term methotrexate therapy. Cough, hypoxemia and bilateral interstitial infiltrates should prompt work-up for PJP. Timely recognition and early treatment are crucial to prevent mortality. Further studies are needed to assess the efficacy and provide guidelines for primary prophylaxis in this population. Reference #1: Wilson JW, Limper AH, Grys TE, Karre T, Wengenack NL, Binnicker MJ. Pneumocystis jirovecii testing by real-time polymerase chain reaction and direct examination among immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patient groups and correlation to disease specificity. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011 Feb;69(2):145-52. doi: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2010.10.021. PMID: 21251557;PMCID: PMC6855182. Reference #2: Salzer HJF, Schäfer G, Hoenigl M, Günther G, Hoffmann C, Kalsdorf B, Alanio A, Lange C. Clinical, Diagnostic, and Treatment Disparities between HIV-Infected and Non-HIV-Infected Immunocompromised Patients with Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia. Respiration. 2018;96(1):52-65. doi: 10.1159/000487713. Epub 2018 Apr 10. PMID: 29635251 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Rutendo Jokomo-Nyakabau No relevant relationships by Richard Swaney No relevant relationships by Manasa Velagapudi

SHEWANELLA SEPTIC SHOCK COMPLICATING COVID-19 SURVIVORSHIP FOLLOWING EXTRACORPOREAL MEMBRANE OXYGENATION (ECMO) RECOVERY

SESSION TITLE: Critical Care in Chest Infections Case Report Posters 2 SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/17/2022 12:15 pm - 01:15 pm INTRODUCTION: Shewanella are gram-negative bacteria that inhabit salt and brackish watery environments, rarely causing skin and soft tissue infections. We report a case of septic shock, bacteremia, and empyema due to Shewanella in a COVID-ARDS survivor who previously received ECMO. CASE PRESENTATION: A 67-year-old man with a medical history of hypertension, diabetes, recent COVID-ARDS illness complicated with STEMI, leading to a VT/VF arrest requiring 21-days of VV-ECMO support presented three weeks after discharge due to worsening oxygen needs. The patient was hypotensive, febrile, tachycardic, tachypneic, with SatO2 92% on HFNC> 50%FIO2. Labs showed leukocytosis, lactic acidosis, and acute kidney injury. Chest x-ray showed a loculated left pleural effusion. Broad spectrum antibiotics were started. Blood cultures grew Shewanella species in aerobic and anaerobic bottles. A CT of the chest is shown (Figure 1). Thoracentesis was performed with findings consistent with empyema (Table 1). The empyema was managed with pigtail catheters and TPAse-DNAse. Pleural fluid cultures had no growth. The patient improved and was discharged on 6-week course of IV ceftazidime. DISCUSSION: Shewanella is a rare cause of skin and soft tissue infections, following traumatic injuries in association with exposure to salt or brackish water. It has also been associated with pneumonia, in the setting of near drownings, in both fresh and saltwater. Individuals with underlying liver disease and immunocompromising conditions are at the highest risk of contracting the pathogen and manifesting illness. Shewanella algae and putrefaciens may manifest as deep ulcers with hemorrhagic bullae, bacteremia, endocarditis, and meningitis (1). In addition, biliary tract infections and peritonitis can occur (2). Our patient had no epidemiologic risk factors for Shewanella infection. Although nosocomial transmission is possible, we are not aware of any previous reports of such exposure in association with this infection. Given negative pleural fluid culture with positive blood culture, we hypothesize our patient's empyema is due to Shewanella given no other apparent infectious etiology. Studies have shown that approximately 40% of pleural infection are culture negative. It is possible that antibiotic therapy started before fluid collection lowered the diagnostic yield of thoracentesis. The prevalence of bloodstream infections during ECMO ranges from 3 to 18%, with coagulase-negative staphylococcus as the most frequent cause, followed by Candida spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp. (3) with no known reports of Shewanella per the ELSO registry. CONCLUSIONS: This case may confer possible healthcare-related acquirement of Shewanella. Our case adds awareness to clinicians about potential routes of inoculation, predisposing factors, and the wide clinical manifestations of Shewanellosis. Reference #1: Weiss TJ, Barranco-Trabi JJ, Brown A, Oommen TT, Mank V, Ryan C. Case Report: Shewanella Algae Pneumonia and Bacteremia in an Elderly Male Living at a Long-Term Care Facility. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021;106(1):60-61. Published 2021 Nov 15. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.21-0614 Reference #2: Savini V, Marrollo R, Nigro R, Fazii P. Chapter 6-Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Following Marine Injuries. In: The Microbiology of Skin, Soft Tissue, Bone and Joint Infections. Vol 2.;2017:93-103. Reference #3: S. Biffi et al. / International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 50 (2017) 9–16 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Akram Alkrekshi No relevant relationships by Robert Kalayjian No relevant relationships by Ismini Kourouni No relevant relationships by Srinivasa Potla No relevant relationships by Zahra Zia

A CASE OF BORDETELLA BRONCHISEPTICA AND PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECI PNEUMONIA IN A YOUNG PATIENT

SESSION TITLE: Procedures in Chest Infections Case Posters SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/19/2022 12:45 pm - 01:45 pm INTRODUCTION: Pneumonia is a common condition that is seen in hospitals. Pneumocystis Jirovecii is an opportunist fungal pathogen. Bordetella bronchiseptica is a gram negative bacteria that causes infectious bronchitis in dogs and other animals, but rarely infects humans. CASE PRESENTATION: Patient is a 34 year old African American female with history of sickle cell trait, reported Lupus (not on treatment), asthma, COVID pneumonia who was admitted for worsening shortness of breath & productive cough with yellow sputum. She was previously hospitalized and discharged after being treated for Community-Acquired Pneumonia. In the ER, she was febrile, tachycardic, tachypneic, & hypoxic requiring BiPAP. CXR obtained showed findings concerning for multifocal pneumonia. Chest CT Angiogram was negative for PE. Patient was started on Vancomycin & Meropenem for treatment of her pneumonia. Blood cultures, Legionella, Strep pneumoniae, Aspergillus, Beta-D-glucan, Sputum culture, & MRSA screen were ordered for further evaluation of her infection. ANA screen reflex panel, lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, beta-2 glycoprotein antibodies were also ordered given patient's reported history of SLE and the concern for SLE pneumonitis: ANA & Sjogren's Anti-SSA were positive;otherwise, autoimmune workup was unremarkable. During hospitalization, patient was eventually weaned down to nasal cannula and antibiotic was de-escalated to levaquin. However, sputum culture eventually grew Bordetella Bronchiseptica that was resistant to Levaquin so antibiotic regimen was switched to Doxycycline. In addition, Beta-D-glucan was noted to be elevated. Bronchoscopy was done for further evaluation;multiple transbronchial biopsies were positive Pneumocystis Jirovecii. Patient was then initiated on Bactrim for treatment of PJP Pneumonia along with a steroid taper. Patient was tested for HIV and it was negative. DISCUSSION: In this case, patient was found to have two rare pathogens, that are more common in immunocompromised patients such as those with HIV/AIDS, on high-dose corticosteroids or malignancy. This patient had a unconfirmed diagnosis of SLE and past COVID Pneumonia. Patient had Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia that is frequently isolated in the respiratory tract of animals but can cause severe respiratory infection in humans. This microorganism can cause upper respiratory tract infections, pneumonitis, endocarditis, peritonitis, meningitis, sepsis and recurrent bacteremia. Upon further discussion with the patient, she was found to have a recent pet dog. CONCLUSIONS: High level of clinical suspicious is needed in patient presenting with recurrent pneumonia with chest imaging findings suggestive of multifocal pneumonia. The mainstay of treatment for PJP is TMP-SMX and steroid. We recommend Fluoroquinolones or tetracycline for Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia. Reference #1: Benfield T, Atzori C, Miller RF, Helweg-Larsen J. Second-line salvage treatment of AIDS-associated Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: a case series and systematic review. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008 May 1;48(1):63-7. Reference #2: de la Fuente J, Albo C, Rodríguez A, Sopeña B, Martínez C. Bordetella bronchiseptica pneumonia in a patient with AIDS. Thorax. 1994 Jul;49(7):719-20. doi: 10.1136/thx.49.7.719. PMID: 8066571;PMCID: PMC475067. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Priya George No relevant relationships by ELINA MOMIN No relevant relationships by Mohammedumer Nagori

SUBACUTE PULMONARY HISTOPLASMOSIS DISGUISED AS COVID-19 IN A HEALTHY YOUNG MALE

SESSION TITLE: Pathology Identifying Chest Infections Case Report Posters SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/17/2022 12:15 pm - 01:15 pm INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary histoplasmosis typically affects immunocompromised individuals. Symptomatic infection in immunocompetent patients is rare, however, important risk factors include living in an endemic region and the size of inoculation. We present a case of subacute pulmonary histoplasmosis in a healthy young male and discuss how availability bias during the COVID-19 pandemic may pose challenges in the diagnosis. CASE PRESENTATION: A healthy 30-year-old male presented to our hospital complaining of left flank and bilateral chest pain for one week. The patient returned from Veracruz, Mexico three weeks prior after spending two months there studying to become a chef. While in Mexico, the patient experienced low-grade fevers, night sweats, and pleuritic chest pain for which he was treated with steroids and antibiotics for presumed COVID-19 infection despite negative testing. Treatment provided the patient temporary relief, however, some of his symptoms returned prompting him to present to the emergency department. Upon presentation, the patient was afebrile and had a normal resting pulse oximetry. CT angiogram of the chest demonstrated three lung nodules and prominent mediastinal lymphadenopathy. A complete infectious and rheumatologic workup was performed. BAL, transbronchial biopsies and EBUS-TBNA were performed. Lung biopsy showed reactive pneumocytes, focal intra-alveolar fibrinous material, congestion, and hemorrhage. Lymph node cytology revealed an aggregate of necrotizing and nonnecrotizing granulomas and GMS stain was positive for yeast. Fungitell and Histoplasma antibodies returned positive. The patient was discharged on Itraconazole and followed up with infectious disease specialists two months later in stable condition. DISCUSSION: Patients with subacute pulmonary histoplasmosis and viral pneumonia may present with similar clinical and radiological findings making the diagnosis arduous. In addition, the prevalence of COVID-19 pneumonia makes clinicians susceptible to using availability bias and further obscuring diagnosis. Some clues that help differentiate subacute pulmonary histoplasmosis include a longer duration of symptoms, pulmonary nodules, and mediastinal and hilar adenopathy. CONCLUSIONS: While pulmonary histoplasmosis is an uncommon finding in immunocompetent patients, suspicion should be raised in patients from endemic regions. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, clinicians should avoid anchoring biases and keep differential diagnoses in mind. Reference #1: Azar MM, Hage CA. Clinical Perspectives in the Diagnosis and Management of Histoplasmosis. Clin Chest Med. 2017;38(3):403-415. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2017.04.004 Reference #2: Staffolani S, Buonfrate D, Angheben A, et al. Acute histoplasmosis in immunocompetent travelers: a systematic review of literature. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):673. Published 2018 Dec 18. doi:10.1186/s12879-018-3476-z DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Steven Douedi No relevant relationships by Justin Ilagan No relevant relationships by TAIMOOR KHAN No relevant relationships by Romany Nightingale No relevant relationships by Mihir Odak No relevant relationships by Noor Salam No relevant relationships by Kameron Tavakolian

FINGERNAIL CLIPPING AS A FOREIGN BODY CAUSING SEVERE EMPYEMA

SESSION TITLE: Chest Infections with Pleural Involvement Case Posters SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/19/2022 12:45 pm - 01:45 pm INTRODUCTION: Foreign body aspiration (FBA) is an uncommon cause of dyspnea and respiratory infection. 80% of cases occur in children under 15-years-old, with the highest mortality in children under 1 and adults over 75. We present an unusual case of a fingernail clipping causing severe empyema in a middle-aged male. CASE PRESENTATION: A 44-year-old male with diabetes mellitus presented with a 3-day history of dyspnea, productive cough, and anorexia, and a 1-day history of fevers and substernal chest pain. Exam was notable for fever, tachypnea, tachycardia, and hypoxemia requiring a non-rebreather mask. Labs were significant for a negative COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, white blood cell (WBC) count 17,000 μL, and lactate 3.4 mmol/L. He was given albuterol-ipratropium nebulizer treatments and methylprednisolone 125 mg. Chest x-ray revealed a large right-sided air-fluid level, dense consolidation of the lung base, and complicated pleural effusion. Computed Tomography (CT) of the chest revealed a large right mid-lung abscess, right middle lobe (RML) and right lower lobe (RLL) consolidations, and loculated pleural effusion with hydropneumothorax. A surgical chest tube was placed that drained purulent fluid. The effusion grew Klebsiella pneumoniae, which was treated with ampicillin-sulbactam. Repeat CT chest revealed improved loculated effusion, but persistent RML and RLL consolidations with concern for endobronchial obstruction. Flexible bronchoscopy was performed, which identified and removed a human fingernail clipping obstructing the RML. Post-procedure, his oxygen requirements, cough, and dyspnea improved remarkably. He was discharged with a 4-week course of amoxicillin-clavulanate. On outpatient follow-up 6 weeks later, he was asymptomatic. DISCUSSION: In our patient, a fingernail clipping was lodged in the opening of the RML, resulting in a post-obstructive pneumonia complicated by empyema. Post-bronchoscopy, the patient admitted to anxiety-induced nail-biting. FBA most commonly occurs in the right bronchial tree (71.5%) as compared to the left bronchial tree (22.8%) and trachea (5.7%). Objects were most commonly lodged in the bronchus intermedius (27%) and right lower lobe (33%). Foreign bodies can be removed via rigid or flexible bronchoscopy, with a 90% success rate in the latter. Instruments such as forceps and baskets can be used to remove the foreign body, and Trendelenberg positioning can be useful in moving the object proximally. In up to 76% of cases, granulation tissue caused by a localized reaction to the foreign body may occur and can be minimized with systemic steroids for 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS: FBA in a middle-aged patient is an unusual cause of respiratory infection, but should be on the differential diagnosis for post-obstructive pneumonia. Reference #1: Hsu Wc, Sheen Ts, Lin Cd, Tan Ct, Yeh Th, Lee Sy. Clinical experiences of removing foreign bodies in the airway and esophagus with a rigid endoscope: a series of 3217 cases from 1970 to 1996. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000 Mar;122(3):450-4. doi: 10.1067/mhn.2000.98321. PMID: 10699826. Reference #2: Blanco Ramos M, Botana-Rial M, García-Fontán E, Fernández-Villar A, Gallas Torreira M. Update in the extraction of airway foreign bodies in adults. J Thorac Dis. 2016;8(11):3452-3456. doi:10.21037/jtd.2016.11.32. Reference #3: Fang YF, Hsieh MH, Chung FT, Huang YK, Chen GY, Lin SM, Lin HC, Wang CH, Kuo HP. Flexible bronchoscopy with multiple modalities for foreign body removal in adults. PLoS One. 2015 Mar 13;10(3):e0118993. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118993. PMID: 25768933;PMCID: PMC4358882. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Nuzhat Batool No relevant relationships by Lisa Glass No relevant relationships by Alice Mei No relevant relationships by Daisy Young

INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE EXACERBATED BY NON-NOVEL SARS-COV-2

SESSION TITLE: Variety in Chest Infections Case Posters SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/19/2022 12:45 pm - 01:45 pm INTRODUCTION: Viruses are thought to trigger acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease (AE-ILD) [1]. AE-ILD results in significant morbidity and mortality [1]. We report a case of AE-ILD due to non-SARS CoV2 viral infection in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. CASE PRESENTATION: A 61 year-old African-American male with a history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking crack cocaine presented with acute onset of dyspnea, fever, and worsening of his chronic cough. He was diagnosed with ILD suspected to be idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) 9 months prior to hospitalization and needed 3 L supplemental oxygen at baseline. He had received 3 doses of COVID-19 vaccination. He was tachycardic, tachypneic, hypoxemic and arrived on a non-rebreather mask to the ED. Physical examination revealed bilateral coarse inspiratory crackles. Laboratory workup revealed leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and lymphopenia. Procalcitonin, lactic acid, BNP, and troponin were normal. CXR showed significantly increased bilateral interstitial markings compared to prior imaging. The patient was not stable for a chest CT. Respiratory pathogen panel was negative for SARS-CoV2, but positive for Coronavirus OC43. Sputum culture grew normal respiratory flora. He continued to have increased work of breathing and was placed on NIV support. He received methylprednisolone, bronchodilators, and ceftriaxone with azithromycin. Antibiotics were discontinued after negative sputum cultures. The patient continued to worsen despite supportive care, he wished to transition the goals of care to comfort only. He was transitioned to hospice care and died within 24 hours. DISCUSSION: Viruses are identified in 10-20% of cases of AE-ILD, in which the virus may be acting as an extrinsic trigger [2]. Efficacious antiviral agents are lacking. Currently, there are no strong evidence based guidelines for the treatment of AE-ILD. Corticosteroids are empirically used to manage exacerbation, however response is variable and particularly worse in the IPF variant of ILD [3]. An effort should be made to identify a treatable infectious etiology in all cases of AE-ILD with any worsening symptoms. Our case highlights that the "common cold” may have fatal consequences for at-risk patients. Care for patients with AE-ILD often goes beyond medications and should encompass emotional and family support. CONCLUSIONS: Hand hygiene and mask wearing are beneficial for ILD patients, in addition to pneumococcal, COVID-19, and influenza vaccinations. In patients with IPF, antifibrotics may help prevent exacerbations [2]. There remains a need for clinical trials to aid in establishing efficacious treatment in AE-ILD. Reference #1: Charokopos A, Moua T, Ryu JH, Smischney NJ. Acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease in the intensive care unit. World J Crit Care Med 2022;11(1): 22-32 [DOI: 10.5492/wjccm.v11.i1.22] Reference #2: Kreuter M, Polke M, Walsh SLF, et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: international survey and call for harmonisation. Eur Respir J 2020;55: 1901760 [https://doi.org/ 10.1183/13993003.01760-2019 Reference #3: Jang HJ, Yong SH, Leem AY, et al. Corticosteroid responsiveness in patients with acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease admitted to the emergency department. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):5762. Published 2021 Mar 11. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-85539-1 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Ibukun Fakunle No relevant relationships by Prajwal Shanker No relevant relationships by Aashish Valvani

A CASE REPORT OF PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECI PNEUMONIA CAUSING ARDS IN HIV/AIDS IN THE SETTING OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC

SESSION TITLE: Critical Care in Chest Infections Case Report Posters 2 SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/17/2022 12:15 pm - 01:15 pm INTRODUCTION: During the COVID-19 pandemic, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was a very common presentation. Many clinicians sought to rule out COVID-19 in those presenting with hypoxia and shortness of breath due to the importance of triage and quarantining infected individuals and those under investigation. As a result, delay in diagnosis of other viral and bacterial pathogens occurred. There is a known but rare overlapping of disease processes and sometimes even co-infections with COVID-19 and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) which made narrowing the differential challenging [1,2]. We present a case of a patient with known HIV who presented with typical features of COVID-19 and clinically worsened. Further investigation revealed PJP and AIDS. CASE PRESENTATION: A 55-year-old female with a past medical history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), previously controlled on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), presented with shortness of breath, cough, and syncope. She required sedation and mechanical ventilation following significant hypoxia on admission. Chest radiograph and computed tomography (CT) were concerning for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with diffuse bilateral ground glass opacities (Figure 1 and Figure 2) and she was found to be in septic shock requiring vasopressors. She presented during the COVID-19 pandemic and it was initially thought to be the cause of her condition, however she repeatedly tested negative via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Through further investigation, it was found that her total cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) cell count was 184/??L, posing a risk for opportunistic infections. Prior records indicated her last CD4 count was greater than 250/??L. Bronchoscopy showed progressively darker-tinged aliquots significant for diffuse alveolar hemorrhage that stained positive for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP). She was treated with appropriate antimicrobial therapy, eventually weaned from ventilation, and transferred to the floor despite her high risk of morbidity and mortality [3]. DISCUSSION: This clinical case demonstrates PJP infection in an individual with features on imaging nearly identical to those of COVID-19 during the pandemic. There is a strong role in verifying CD4 count and HIV viral level in those affected with HIV with reported medication adherence who present with critical illness. There should be a low threshold to perform bronchoscopy in patients with ARDS and negative COVID-19 if no known source is identified. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to consider all causes of ARDS in patients who are immunocompromised with a low threshold to test for and treat uncommon causes, such as opportunistic infections, because the treatment should be directed at the underlying cause. Reference #1: Coleman, H., Snell, L., Simons, R., Douthwaite, S. and Lee, M., 2020. Coronavirus disease 2019 and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia: a diagnostic dilemma in HIV. AIDS, 34(8), pp.1258-1260. Reference #2: Menon, A., Berg, D., Brea, E., Deutsch, A., Kidia, K., Thurber, E., Polsky, S., Yeh, T., Duskin, J., Holliday, A., Gay, E. and Fredenburgh, L., 2020. A Case of COVID-19 and Pneumocystis jirovecii Coinfection. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 202(1), pp.136-138. Reference #3: Dworkin, M., Hanson, D. and Navin, T., 2001. Survival of Patients with AIDS, after Diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia, in the United States. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 183(9), pp.1409-1412. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by salah alandary No relevant relationships by Joella Lambert No relevant relationships by Joshua Lung

E-CIGARETTE OR VAPING USE-ASSOCIATED LUNG INJURY (EVALI): EFFECTS OF VAPING OR COVID-19?

SESSION TITLE: Critical Care in Chest Infections Case Report Posters 2 SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/17/2022 12:15 pm - 01:15 pm INTRODUCTION: EVALI is an acute lung injury that occurs due to the use of e-cigarettes or vaporizer products that usually contain THC or nicotine. There was an outbreak of EVALI in 2019. This is a diagnosis of exclusion with foamy macrophages with pneumocyte vacuolization being the best diagnostic clues. (1) Vitamin E acetate laced products seem to be the causing factor. CASE PRESENTATION: A 34-year-old female presented to the emergency department due to increasing shortness of breath, fever, pleuritic chest pain, cough, and headaches for the last 9 days. Two days prior she presented to urgent care where she was given an albuterol inhaler and azithromycin. At arrival, the patient was found to have tachycardia with a rate of 120-130, afebrile, SpO2 at 96% on room air, BP at 100/59. Her initial workup was grossly normal except for an elevated WBC and elevated D-Dimer. Chest X-ray revealed opacities in the lower lungs consistent with pneumonia. CTA of the chest revealed patchy pulmonary opacities consistent with COVID pneumonia. She took three separate SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests which all came back negative. The patient underwent a large workup which included infectious disease, pulmonology, and cardiology consults. She was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics for the presumed diagnosis of pneumonia but her condition quickly deteriorated, eventually requiring 6L of O2 via nasal cannula. Screening for a large array of bacteria, fungus, and viruses all resulted negative. Upon further discussion with the patient, she admitted to smoking a THC vaporizer every night for the last seven months and that she had recently purchased a new fluid for her THC vaporizer through the internet. Bronchoscopy was also acquired but did not show any specific findings, including being negative for eosinophils. Discontinuation of antibiotics and initiation of IV steroids treatment provided rapid improvement of the patient's condition. Based on her history of THC vaping, the clinical presentation of fever, hypoxia, her chest x-ray, and chest CT showing extensive lung infiltrates, infections were ruled out and the most likely diagnosis of EVALI was made which responded well to steroids. DISCUSSION: COVID and EVALI initially can present similarly as respiratory problems, fever, and the need for oxygen. It is important to gather history on the patient as a vaping history is needed to suspect EVALI as imaging can show a wide range from ground-glass opacities to acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis. (2) CONCLUSIONS: There are some distinguishing features of EVALI from COVID one being in EVALI there is a large increase in the white count and lastly the response to steroids is the key (2). Steroids are the primary care for someone with EVALI with most patients recovering in 1-3 days with the use of steroids. (2) Reference #1: Bierwirth, A., Orellana, G., Milazzo, E. and Hamdan, A., 2020. TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL VAPING-ASSOCIATED LUNG INJURY (EVALI): A US EPIDEMIC?. Chestnet Journal. Reference #2: MacMurdo, M., Lin, C., Saeedan, M., Doxtader, E., Mukhopadhyay, S., Arrossi, V., Reynolds, J., Ghosh, S. and Choi, H., 2020. e-Cigarette or Vaping Product Use-Associated Lung Injury. Chestnet Journal. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Narden Gorgy No relevant relationships by Matheus Moreira Sanches Peraci No relevant relationships by George Walbridge No relevant relationships by John Zakhary

Intra-oral kinking of a micro-cuff endotracheal tube: an unusual cause of difficult ventilation

Background: Intra-oral kinking of endotracheal tube is a rare but not unheard of complication. It could be lifethreatening if left unrecognised. Case presentation: A ten-year-old boy with developmental delay, scoliosis and recurrent chest infections was transferred to our paediatric intensive care (PIC) with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. The child was intubated with a size 5.5 micro-cuff endotracheal tube for critical hypoxic respiratory failure at his local hospital. The intubation was reported to be straightforward, with a grade 1 laryngoscopy view, but he was notably difficult to ventilate and oxygenate on the ventilator. He was transferred by road and was requiring a fraction of inspired oxygen of 0.8 and inhaled nitric oxide at 20 parts per million to maintain oxygen saturations of greater than 94%. The retrieval team also reported that he required a peak inspiratory pressure of as high as 49 cmH2O and positive end-expiratory pressure of 8 cmH2O with a 1:1 I: E ratio to maintain tidal volume of 6 ml/kg for his weight of 30kg. He was fully sedated and paralysed. The child was examined on arrival to PIC. His trachea was central and there was no wheeze or abdominal distension. The capnography waveforms were of normal appearance. A chest X-ray was also done to exclude endobronchial intubation and obvious pneumothorax. He was noted to be unusually difficult to bag ventilate, and the delivery of tidal volumes were hugely variable with any change in head positioning. He was best ventilated with head-tilt and chin-lift. Our concerns were escalated when the 'red-flag' of inability to pass the suction catheter was highlighted by the nursing team. The course of his tracheal tube was immediately palpated, and a twist was felt in the oropharynx. This finding was confirmed on laryngoscopy, which revealed a significant kink at letter C of this micro-cuff tube (Figure 1). The airway was swiftly exchanged, and immediate improvements of both ventilation and gas exchanged were observed. Conclusion: The polyvinyl polymers of endotracheal tubes are known to soften at body temperature and have a higher tendency to bent at acute angles,1 where the pilot tubing exists2;and when bending forces are applied away from the anatomical curvature, also known as the Magill curve (radius of approximately 140 millimetres), of most conventional tracheal tubes.2-5 Kinking of endotracheal tube at blind spots such as within the pharynx may happen more frequently in paediatrics than in adult critical care practice due to the use of straighter tracheal tubes with smaller wall thickness. We would like to raise awareness of this unusual case of difficult bag ventilation and high airway pressure ventilation. If a well-secured tracheal tube suddenly becomes problematic following, or in relation to positional changes, tube malfunction should be suspected. The integrity of the endotracheal tube must also be interrogated.

Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (cCRT) at the Northern Centre for Cancer Care (NCCC): preliminary results from a stage III cCRT database

Introduction: Due to COVID-19, NCCC established a Stage III cCRT review clinic. From April 2020 a prospective audit of patients treated was established. Methods: All lung radiotherapy referrals were scrutinised from January-December 2020. Electronic data was obtained from radiotherapy software. Patients treated with cCRT were analysed for: 1) Toxicity data. 2) Hospital admissions. 3) PDL1 status. 4) Adjuvant durvalumab treatment. Patients who received either unimodality radiotherapy or sequential chemoradiotherapy were reviewed for justification for not treating with cCRT . Results: Of 670 patients treated. 295 received palliative and 375 radical radiotherapy. 141 patients received radical radiotherapy (55Gy in 20#). 55 were Stage III NSCLC, 18 received sequential chemoradiotherapy. 49 patients received cCRT, 41 were stage III NSCLC. 55 stage III patients did not receive cCRT. 8 reason codes were identified: 1) Comorbidity (N=16). 2) Size (N=18). 3) No histopathology (N=3). 4) Consented for cCRT, but disease progression/too big at time of radiotherapy planning (N=6). 5) Relapse (N=3). 6) Reason not annotated (N=5). 7) Patient declined (N=2). 8) Adjuvant RT after surgery (N=2). Of the 41 cCRT NSCLC patients. All patients experienced some toxicity. There were no grade 4 toxicity. 2 patients reported Grade 3 toxicity (nausea and fatigue);dyspnoea, cough, fatigue, oesophagitis and nausea being the most common. 4 out of 41 patients were admitted. Reasons were dehydration, chest infection, oesophagitis, hyponatraemia, neutropenia. 1 patient did not proceed to durvalumab, due to deterioration of performance status. 30 out of 41 patients were PDL1 +, of which 26 were consented for durvalumab. Reasons for no durvalumab were: rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, interstitial lung disease and deterioration after cCRT. Conclusion: cCRT is an effective delivery as an outpatient. However, ongoing audit is imperative to ensure optimal patient treatment. The data as highlights multidisciplinary input is essential, as most cCRT patients experience toxicity. Disclosure: No significant relationships.